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Lightning Conductor

Sabo Systems is a leading ESE Lightning protection Manufacturers. Lightning is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena to see & most disastrous one to experience. discharge may carry current up to hundreds of kiloamperes (KA). It may cause damage to human life, structure, electrical as well as electronic equipments. It may also cause fire & disrupt working operations of any industry. It’s been an electronic era and our dependence on electronics has been increased. One lightning strike can destroy partially / completely all equipments installed in any establishment. Hence, protection from such natural disasters from lightning strike is essential.
Lightning Protection System has four basic objectives:

To capture lightning strike.
Safely routing the lightning discharge current to ground.
Provide efficient earthing / grounding path for dissipation of lightning current.
Remove secondary effects of lightning like over voltages / surges.

LIGHTNING FORMATION

In normal conditions, atmospheric charges are balanced, but cloud formation creates charge polarization. In such case, normally lower part of cloud gets negatively charged, inducing the positive charge at the ground or other elements on ground. Electric field at the atmosphere can reach in kilovolts(KV). Positive charges are more evident at pointed and metallic objects or well earthed objects & trees. When electric field becomes high then cloud starts discharging towards ground, which results in downward leader. Similarly, metallic parts / structure where positive charges are present, starts moving upwards forming an upward leader. These upward and downward leader when meet may result in lightning discharge to ground. Such high charged metallic part may struck by lightning. This discharge moves down to earth through most direct path. Hence, if this path is not controlled then disasters may happen. However, lightning discharges can be both positive and negative.

EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING

Thermal Effect – Excessive energy in lightning discharge may cause fire.
Electrodynamic Effect – Damage to structure.
Electrical Effect – Equipment may damage. Due to increase in ground potential, surge currents may damage equipments connected to electrical network.
Inductive Effects – Due to electromagnetic field, currents may couple to all conductors & may damage equipments connected to its.
Effects on living beings – Electrocution, burns or even loss of life & may lead to cardiac arrest also.

Damage due to lightning may be high in terms of loss of life, fire, equipments failure, loss of time, & production. Hence, protection from direct lightning strike is must.

Standard for ESE Lightning Protection System

Our Lightning Protection System is designed as per NFC 17-102, UNE 21186 & other national standards. Above standards consider Lightning Protection System in following cases:

Important monuments / archaeological buildings.
Structures occupied by large number of people.
Equipments / machines used for production / working system / hospitals etc.
High rise buildings.
Isolated structures.
Areas with high lightning density.
Buildings containing flammable material / explosives.
Buildings / structures which comes under risk index as per standards.

Procedure for risk analysis is also described in above standard & should be followed in selecting & design of Lightning Protection system. Risk assessment determines the need of lightning protection system & degree of security / level of protection required.
Level of protection / risk analysis: NFC 17-102 standards have mentioned 4 levels of protection based on risk of lightning strike on a particular structure as Level I, Level II, Level III & Level IV

Efficiency	Level of Protec
> 0.98	Level I + Addi
> 0.95 & ≤ 0.98	Level I
> 0.90 & ≤ 0.95	Level II
> 0.80 & ≤ 0.90	Level III
≤ 0.80	Level IV

Accessing the risk of Lightning Protection System is based on lot of factors, however, it is recommended to opt Level I protection level.

Advanced ESE lightning protection protection system

We have developed new Advanced Active Lightning conductor based on Early Streamer Emission (ESE) technology. The main feature of our ESE air terminal is generation of an upward leader before any other object within its protection area at correct time. So, when downward leader approaches the ground / structure, upward leader intercepts the same and route the same to earth. This early discharge of upward leader is called advance time / advance triggering time or Δt. This is average gain in upward leader triggering time compared to a conventional lightning rod. Advance triggering time determines the protection radius of each terminal. If Δt is more, then the distance at which downward leader is intercepted increases thus avoiding strike in wider area.
Results of the same have been obtained in HV Laboratory of METU & CNAS (ILAC-MRA) as per test procedures of NFC17-102 standards. SABO LIVA ESE Lightning conductor are also tested in accordance with NFC 17-102 for short circuit test of 100KA from SIGMA HV Lab, temperature test of -40°Cto +120°C for its suitability for all environmental & climatic conditions, CE certified & marked & carries unique serial number. Our lightning conductor also carry 30 years warranty. NFC 17-102 has given upper limit value of Δt as 60μs for calculating protection radius of lightning conductor, but those found higher in testing are better and provides high safety factor. Below are details of advance triggering time of various models tested in Laboratory:

Model No	Δt (μs)
LAP CX 040	22
LAP CX 070	31
LAP BX 125	40
LAP BX 175	60
LAP AX 210	82
LAP DX 250	96
LAP PEX 220	136
SABO-NOVA	60

Protection Radius

Protection radius of ESE air terminal is related to its height (h) relative to the surface to be protected, to its efficiency & selected protected level. Protection radius calculation formula is:
Rp=√h(2D-h)+ΔL(2D+ΔL)
Where, Rp (m)=Protection radius at given Height
H(m)= Height of ESE at tip over the horizontal plane through the furthest point of object to be protected.
D(m) =20 m for Level I
30 m for Level II
45 m for Level III
60 m for Level IV
ΔL=Distance to catch lightning in Δt period =Δt
Δt = Advance triggering time in micro seconds.
Example for calculating protection radius as per above formula.
Value of Δt for LAP BX 175 obtained is 60μs, ΔL=60m
Assuming Level I protection, D=20m, Height (h) = 5m
Rp=√h(2D-h)+ΔL(2D+ΔL)
=√5(2x20-5)+60(2x20+60
= 79 m
NFC 17-102-2011 has limited higher value of Δt as 60μs.
Hence, conductors with higher Δt values should be considered as 60μs & accordingly their protection radius will be limited.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-CX 040

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP CX 040
STANDARD	NFC 17 102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	22 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	60 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	700 MM
WEIGHT	2.1 KG
GROSS WEIGHT	2.5 KG
WARRANTY	30 YEARS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-CX 070

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP CX 070
STANDARD	NFC 17 102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	31 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	72 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	700 MM
WEIGHT	2.4 KG
GROSS WEIGHT	2.8 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-BX 125

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP BX 125
STANDARD	NFC 17 102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	40 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	84 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	800 MM
WEIGHT	3.8 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-BX 175

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP BX 175
STANDARD	NFC 17-102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	60 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	107 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	1000 MM
WEIGHT	4.5 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -AX 210

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP AX 210
STANDARD	NFC 17 102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	82 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	131 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	1000 MM
WEIGHT	4.65 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-DX 250

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	LAP DX 250
STANDARD	NFC 17 102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	96 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	146 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	700 MM
WEIGHT	3.45 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LAP-PEX 220

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED PIEZO ELECTRIC
MODEL NUMBER	LAP PEX 220
STANDARD	NFC 17-102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	136 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	188 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	1500 MM
WEIGHT	15 KG

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES NOVA

BRAND	LIVA
PRODUCT	LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
TECHNOLOGY	ADVANCED EARLY STREAMER EMISSION
MODEL NUMBER	NOVA
STANDARD	NFC 17-102
TRIGGERING TIME ( Δt )	60 μs
PROTECTION RADIUS ( at 5 Mtrs height )	107 MTRS
BODY	STAINLESS STEEL
LENGTH	480 MM
WEIGHT	3.5 KG

Selection & Positioning of ESE Air Terminal

Selection of ESE air terminal should be made considering protection radius desired & risk of lightning strike i.e., level of protection.
Positioning of ESE air terminal should be done considering:

Minimum 2m above the highest point of structure including aerials, air conditioning towers, tanks, dome, parapet, etc.
Architectural view
For protecting open areas like sports field, golf courses, swimming pools, campsites, etc. ESE should be installed over specific places such as lighting masts, poles or any other nearby structure that allows it to cover the whole area.

For buildings higher then 60m or any other point more than 120m, protection against lateral lightning strike should be considered. For such buildings, top 20% height of the structure should be protected by installing ESE air terminal at each wall. ESE on each such wall should be considered having radius of protection ≥20% height of the building. Also, minimum 4 down conductors interconnected by a ring conductor along the perimeter should be used & earthed for such high rise buildings.

Advanced ESE Lightning Protection System